China

Finding

On the findings of a public inquiry constituted by the Government of Canada, the People’s Republic of China is the most active state conducting foreign interference against Canada.

Conduct of record

Interference directed at Canada’s democratic institutions and at diaspora communities in Canada, carried out through proxies, diplomatic officials and the United Front Work Department. Established by the final report of the Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions, 28 January 2025.

Law engaged

Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act, section 2, “threats to the security of Canada”, paragraph (b):

foreign influenced activities within or relating to Canada that are detrimental to the interests of Canada and are clandestine or deceptive or involve a threat to any person

General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV):

No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State.

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Article 41(1): persons enjoying diplomatic privileges and immunities have “a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs” of the receiving State.

Record

1. Final report of the Public Inquiry, 28 January 2025
2. Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act